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2242 Criteria for Deciding Request [R-2] - 2200 Citation of Prior Art and Ex Parte Reexamination of Patents
2242 Criteria for Deciding Request [R-2]
>I. < SUBSTANTIAL NEW QUESTION OF PATENTABILITY
The presence or absence of "a substantial new question of patentability" determines whether or not reexamination is ordered. The meaning and scope of the term "a substantial new question of patentability" is not defined in the statute and must be developed to some extent on a case-by-case basis, using the case law to provide guidance as will be discussed in this section.
If the prior art patents and printed publications raise a substantial question of patentability of at least one claim of the patent, then a substantial new question of patentability is present, unless the same question of patentability has already been decided by (*>A<) a final holding of invalidity **>, after all appeals<, or (*>B<) by the Office in a previous examination >or pending reexamination< of the patent. A "previous examination" of the patent is: (*>A<) the original examination of the application which matured into the patent; (*>B<) the examination >of the patent< in a reissue application that has resulted in a reissue of the patent; or *>(C) the examination of the patent in< an earlier concluded reexamination. The answer to the question of whether a "substantial new question of patentability" exists, and therefore whether reexamination may be had, is decided by the *>Director of the USPTO<, and, as 35 U.S.C. 303 provides, that determination is final, i.e., not subject to appeal on the merits of the decision. See In re Etter, 756 F.2d 852, 225 USPQ 1 (Fed. Cir. 1985). But see Heinl v. Godici, 143 F.Supp.2d 593, 596-98 (E.D.Va. 2001) (35 U.S.C. 303 addresses only USPTO decisions to deny a request for reexamination and does not bar review of USPTO decisions to grant reexamination requests. However, a decision to grant a reexamination request is not a final agency decision and is not ordinarily subject to judicial review.).
A prior art patent or printed publication raises a substantial question of patentability where there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would consider the prior art patent or printed publication important in deciding whether or not the claim is patentable. ** If the prior art patents and/or publications would be considered important, then the examiner should find "a substantial new question of patentability" unless the same question of patentability has already been decided as to the claim in a final holding of invalidity by * >the< Federal court >system< or by the Office in a previous examination. For example, the same question of patentability may have already been decided by the Office where the examiner finds the additional >(newly provided)< prior art patents or printed publications are merely cumulative to similar prior art already fully considered by the Office in a previous examination of the claim.
For "a substantial new question of patentability" to be present, it is only necessary that: (*>A<) the prior art patents and/or printed publications raise a substantial question of patentability regarding at least one claim, i.e., the teaching of the (prior art) patents and printed publications is such that a reasonable examiner would consider the teaching to be important in deciding whether or not the claim is patentable; and (*>B<) the same question of patentability as to the claim has not been decided by the Office in a previous examination >or pending reexamination< of the patent or in a final holding of invalidity by the Federal Courts in a decision on the merits involving the claim. It is not necessary that a "prima facie" case of unpatentability exist as to the claim in order for "a substantial new question of patentability" to be present as to the claim. Thus, "a substantial new question of patentability" as to a patent claim could be present even if the examiner would not necessarily reject the claim as either fully anticipated by, or obvious in view of, the prior >art< patents or printed publications. As to the importance of the difference between "a substantial new question of patentability" and a "prima facie" case of unpatentability see generally In re Etter, 756 F.2d 852, 857 n.5, 225 USPQ 1, 4 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
>II. POLICY IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS<
In order to further clarify the meaning of "a substantial new question of patentability" certain situations are outlined below which, if present, should be considered when making a decision as to whether or not "a substantial new question of patentability" is present.
**A. Prior Favorable Decisions by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Office) on the Same or Substantially Identical Prior Art in Relation to the Same Patent.
A "substantial new question of patentability" is not raised by prior art presented in a reexamination request if the Office has previously considered (in an earlier examination of the patent) the same question of patentability as to a patent claim favorable to the patent owner based on the same prior art patents or printed publications. In re Recreative Technologies, 83 F.3d 1394, 38 USPQ2d 1776 (Fed. Cir. 1996).
** >In deciding whether to grant a request for reexamination of a patent, the examiner should check the patent' s file history to ascertain whether any of the prior art now advanced by requester was previously cited/considered in an earlier concluded Office examination of the patent (e.g., in the examination of the application for the patent). For the sake of expediency, such art is referred to as "old art" throughout, since the term "old art" was coined by the Federal Circuit in its decision of In re Hiniker, 150 F.3d 1362,1365-66, 47 USPQ2d 1523, 1526 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
In a decision to order reexamination made on or after November 2, 2002, reliance on old art does not necessarily preclude the existence of a substantial new question of patentability (SNQ) that is based exclusively on that old art. >See Public Law 107-273, 116 Stat. 1758, 1899-1906 (2002), which expanded the scope of what qualifies for a substantial new question of patentability upon which a reexamination may be based.< Determinations on whether a SNQ exists in such an instance shall be based upon a fact-specific inquiry done on a case-by-case basis. For example, a SNQ may be based solely on old art where the old art is being presented/viewed in a new light, or in a different way, as compared with its use in the earlier concluded examination(s), in view of a material new argument or interpretation presented in the request.
When it is determined that a SNQ based solely on old art is raised, form paragraph 22.01.01 should be included in the order for reexamination.
¶ 22.01.01 Criteria for Applying "Old Art" as Sole Basis for Reexamination
The above [1] is based solely on patents and/or printed publications already cited/considered in an earlier concluded examination of the patent being reexamined. On November 2, 2002, Public Law 107-273 was enacted. Title III, Subtitle A, Section 13105, part (a) of the Act revised the reexamination statute by adding the following new last sentence to 35 U.S.C. 303(a) and 312(a):
"The existence of a substantial new question of patentability is not precluded by the fact that a patent or printed publication was previously cited by or to the Office or considered by the Office."
For any reexamination ordered on or after November 2, 2002, the effective date of the statutory revision, reliance on previously cited/considered art, i.e., "old art," does not necessarily preclude the existence of a substantial new question of patentability (SNQ) that is based exclusively on that old art. Rather, determinations on whether a SNQ exists in such an instance shall be based upon a fact-specific inquiry done on a case-by-case basis.
In the present instance, there exists a SNQ based solely on [2]. A discussion of the specifics now follows:
[3]
Examiner Note
1. In bracket 1, insert "substantial new question of patentability" if the present form paragraph is used in an order granting reexamination (or a TC Director's decision on petition of the denial of reexamination). If this form paragraph is used in an Office action, insert "ground of rejection".
2. In bracket 2, insert the old art that is being applied as the sole basis of the SNQ. For example, "the patent to Schor" or "the patent to Schor when taken with the Jones publication" or "the combination of the patent to Schor and the Smith publication" could be inserted. Where more than one SNQ is presented based solely on old art, the examiner would insert all such bases for SNQ.
3. In bracket 3, for each basis identified in bracket 2, explain how and why that fact situation applies in the proceeding being acted on. The explanation could be for example that the old art is being presented/viewed in a new light, or in a different way, as compared with its use in the earlier concluded examination(s), in view of a material new argument or interpretation presented in the request. See Ex parte Chicago Rawhide Mfg. Co., 223 USPQ 351 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1984).
4. This form paragraph is only used the first time the "already cited/considered" art is applied, and is not repeated for the same art in subsequent Office actions.
See MPEP § 2258.01 for a discussion of the use of "old art" in the examination stage of an ordered reexamination (as a basis for rejecting the patent claims).<
B. Prior Adverse Decisions by the Office on the Same or Substantially Identical Prior Art in the Same Patent.
A prior decision adverse to the patentability of a claim of a patent by the Office based upon prior art patents or printed publications would usually mean that "a substantially new question of patentability" is present. Such an adverse decision by the Office could, for example, arise from a reissue application which was abandoned after rejection of the claim and without disclaiming the patent claim.
C. Prior Adverse Reissue Application Final Decision by the * >Director of the USPTO< or the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences Based Upon Grounds Other Than Patents or Printed Publications.
Any prior adverse final decision by the *>Director of the USPTO< or the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, on an application seeking to reissue the same patent on which reexamination is requested will be considered by the examiner when determining whether or not a "substantial new question of patentability" is present. To the extent that such prior adverse final decision was based upon grounds other than patents or printed publications, the prior adverse final decision will not be a basis for determining whether or not a "substantial new question of patentability" is present.
D. Prior Favorable or Adverse Decisions on the Same or Substantially Identical Prior >Art< Patents or Printed Publications in Other Cases not Involving the Patent.
While the Office would consider decisions involving substantially identical patents or printed publications in determining whether a "substantial new question of patentability" is raised, the weight to be given such decisions will depend upon the circumstances. **
>III. < POLICY WHERE A FEDERAL COURT DECISION HAS BEEN ISSUED ON THE PATENT
A. Final * Holding of Validity >by the Courts<.
When the initial question as to whether the prior art raises a substantial new question of patentability as to a patent claim is under consideration, the existence of a final court decision of claim validity in view of the same or different prior art does not necessarily mean that no new question is present, because of the different standards of proof employed by the Federal District Courts and the Office. While the Office may accord deference to factual findings made by the district court, the determination of whether a substantial new question of patentability exists will be made independently of the court's decision on validity, because it is not controlling on the Office.
B. Nonfinal * Holding of Invalidity or Unenforceability >by the Courts<.
A nonfinal holding of claim invalidity or unenforceability will not be controlling on the question of whether a substantial new question of patentability is present.
C. Final * Holding of Invalidity or Unenforceability >by the Courts<.
A final holding of claim invalidity or unenforceability>, after all appeals,< is controlling on the Office. In such cases, a substantial new question of patentability would not be present as to the claims finally held invalid or unenforceable.
As to A. - C. above, see Ethicon v. Quigg, 849 F.2d 1422, 7 USPQ2d 1152 (Fed. Cir. 1988).
Any situations requiring clarification should be brought to the attention of the Office of Patent Legal Administration.
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